Annotated Bibliography
Primary sources:
· “Excerpt from the bitter cry of the children.” American Decades. Ed. Judith S. Baughman, et al. Detroit: Gale, 2003. Gale Student Resources in Context. Web. 20 Aug. 2012.
This source is an excerpt of an investigator’s thoughts and opinions of the children of the 1900s workplace. It caused lots of controversy because of the brutal, yet honest words used in the review to describe the children’s conditions. As a result of the propaganda used to create remorse, the readers sought change. Meanwhile, factory owners and other people benefiting from child labor offered excuses to explain the investigator’s words. This helped me to uncover the harsh realities of the children of the 1900s and the response of others to this.
· Great Neck, Publishing. “Keating-Owen Child Labor Act of 1916.” Keating-Owen Child Labor Act of 1916 (NARA) (2011): 1. History Reference Center. Web. 20 Aug. 2012
This site allowed me to read a replica of the original Keating-Owen Child Labor Act. It helped me to understand exactly what the legislatures were asking President Woodrow to sign and the rest of society to abide by. I also gave me the opportunity to formulate my own opinion of the requests of Keating and Owen to determine whether or not I would have signed this. In doing this, I was able to relate much more with President Wilson and the pondering of his very crucial decision.
· Hine, Lewis. “History of Art: History of Art Photography.” History of Art History of Photography. Web. 23 Aug. 2012.
This shows a picture of a young boy who does not his alphabet or how to read. He wants to learn, but he does not have time.
· Hine, Lewis. “History of Art: History of Art Photography.” History of Art History of Photography. Web. 23 Aug. 2012.
This picture shows a group of adolescent girls.
· Hine, Lewis. “History of Art: History of Art Photography.” History of Art History of Photography. Web. 23 Aug. 2012.
This shows a picture of Doffer boys in Macon, Georgia.
· Hine, Lewis. “History of Art: History of Art Photography.” History of Art History of Photography. Web. 23 Aug. 2012.
This shows a picture of the average spinning room children worked in. This particular one is in Cornell Mill found in Fall River, Massachusetts.
· Hine, Lewis. “History of Art: History of Art Photography.” History of Art History of Photography. Web. 23 Aug. 2012.
This is a photograph a young girl looking outside of the window at the factory she works at longing to be outside.
· Hine, Lewis. “History of Art: History of Art Photography.” History of Art History of Photography. Web. 23 Aug. 2012.
A picture that shows boys and girls who were small enough to climb on the spinning frame and fix parts that were not working properly.
· Hine, Lewis. “History of Art: History of Art Photography.” History of Art History of Photography. Web. 23 Aug. 2012.
This is a girl that is 51 inches and has been working at the mills for a year. When asked her age she couldn’t recall but, but she knew she was too young to work.
· Hine, Lewis. “History of Art: History of Art Photography.” History of Art History of Photography. Web. 23 Aug. 2012.
This is a young girl that just started working and because oh steadiness was eventually hired.
· Hine, Lewis. “History of Art: History of Art Photography.” History of Art History of Photography. Web. 23 Aug. 2012
This is a photograph of a young black-roper.
· Hine, Lewis. “History of Art: History of Art Photography.” History of Art History of Photography. Web. 23 Aug. 2012
This is a newsie in downtown St. Louis, Missouri
· Hine, Lewis. “History of Art: History of Art Photography.” History of Art History of Photography. Web. 23 Aug. 2012
This is a group of newsies selling at the capitol.
· Hine, Lewis. “History of Art: History of Art Photography.” History of Art History of Photography. Web. 23 Aug. 2012
This is a young newsie that sells day and night. He says he has been beaten for not selling enough papers.
· Hine, Lewis. “History of Art: History of Art Photography.” History of Art History of Photography. Web. 23 Aug. 2012
This is a picture of boys waiting on the cage to go up. This is a tightly packed area with openings on both sides of the cage and the other two are not enclosed very well.
· Hine, Lewis. “History of Art: History of Art Photography.” History of Art History of Photography. Web. 23 Aug. 2012
This is a view the Scotland Mills.
· Hine, Lewis. “History of Art: History of Art Photography.” History of Art History of Photography. Web. 23 Aug. 2012
This is an entire family that works in the families. The woman is a widow and had to raise 11 children alone. Two of them have married and gone away while the youngest four cannot work. Everyone else in the family earns 4.50 a week.
This website provided me with lots of Lewis Hines’ artwork. It also presented the pictures that sparked so much controversy, conversation, and debate which helped start the child labor reform. It was important for me to view his artwork in order to develop my own opinion of his artwork and the message it conveyed. Although these pictures were taken a very long time ago, without the technology we have today, they do an incredible job of persuading and directing the emotions of the viewer to sorrow and compassion.
· “Children in the Industrial Revolution.” Children in the Industrial Revolution. Web. 23 Aug. 2012
This website was filled with quotes of children working in the various factories and the effect it had on them, their relationship with their family, as well as their physical, emotional, and psychological state of being. It was important for me to read these quotes because they are the best people to hear and learn from regarding their lifestyle and opinion of it. One interesting thing I learned from this is lots of the kids do not consider their life peculiar or weird in any way because as they grew up all they knew was work. Work to pay the bills.
· Clements, Kendrick A. “Woodrow Wilson and the presidential reform” Presidential Studies Quarterly 28.2 (Spring 1982): 320-336. History Study Center. Web. 24 Aug. 2012.
This journal, written by former President Woodrow Wilson’s assistant, clearly displays the difficulty the President faced concerning child labor laws. It was important for me to understand his views on the reform in order to accurately understand the debate within the three branches of government. It also revealed other pros and cons of the proposed act that I had not discovered on my own.
· “Keating-Owen Child Labor Act of 1916” Student Research Center. Ebsco Host. Jan 2011. 18 Sept. 2012
This site translated the Keating-Owen Act into terms that are better understood and used today. This was extremely useful! After I read the replica I understood quite well were the two gentlemen were asking of the government, but often times I had to use context clues and my knowledge of the topic to completely understand. In contrast, this website used modern English to express the same thoughts the two gentlemen were feeling when they originally wrote this.
· Dickens, Charles. The Parish Boy’s Progress. Produced by Peggy Gaugy and Leigh Little. HTML version by Al Haines. 18 Sept. 2012
This book, written by Charles Dickens, explains the everyday trials of a child worker. It is special and useful because it not only expresses the difficulty of the child at work, but, in addition, what happens at home as a result. This book also helps you relate to the hard life a child during these days because instead of looking at multiple accounts if these tragedies, the reader is taken into the life of just one of the victims of their ignorant work force and develops a relationship with the child and everything they face.
· LEWIS WICKES HINE. “Photography Quotations by Lewis Wickes Hine. Web. 18 Sept. 2012.
This source provides me with both pictures of children in the factories along with quotes of what they were doing or a little background information. This information, along with the picture, creates a gloomy mood for the viewer and is perfect for upsetting someone over the conditions they are enduring and stirring up a rebellion.
· “Notable Members of Congress and the Laws they Sponsored.” Center on Congress. Web. 24 Oct. 2012.
This provided me with a picture of Edward Keating.
· “Notable Members of Congress and the Laws they Sponsored.” Center on Congress. Web. 24 Oct. 2012.
This provided me with at picture of Robert Latham Owen.
· “Bill of Rights Large View.” Bill of Rights Large View. Web. 24 Oct. 2012.
After I read the Hammer v. Dagenhart case summary I learned the courts deemed the Keating-Owen Child Labor Act unconstitutional using the tenth amendment to the Bill Of Rights. This caused me to wonder what the tenth amendment said so I searched an original copy of the Bill of Rights.
Secondary sources:
· Whitman, David. “Out of the Cradle, Into the Coal Mine.” Ebsco Host. 2004. 18 Sept. 2012.
This is a reflection of the children’s involvement in the Industrial Revolution period by an Ebsco Host author. It is an interesting document because it includes a contrast between the ideals of the parents in the past and presently. It is very critical to look at this topic in this way considering most times people are so concerned with the treatment and well being of the kids they forget the emotional suffering the parent must go through as well. For instance, many of the parents were against having their child work in the dangerous manufacturing factories.
Sadly, the meager income earned by the children was greatly needed in order to survive.
· Fitzgerald, Maureen. “Children’s Bureau.” Book Chapter. Student Research Center powered by Ebsco Host. 1998. 18 Sept. 2012.
This article is an overview of the Children’s Bureau. It explains how they promoted the rise of safety among the factories and got others involved in the cause along the way.
· “World Book Online Reference Center |Online Reference Book| Online Encyclopedia” World Book. Web. 18 Sept. 2012.
This site was very informational because it did two very important things. It explained the roots of child labor and how it got started. Furthermore, it explained the different levels of laws and acts that were passed as well as their effect and the response of society. It even went as far as to explain how the new laws passed her influenced laws in our neighboring country, Canada.
· “Child Labor in U.S. History” The Child Labor Education Project. Web. 18 Sept. 2012.
This is a very important source. It has pictures of Lewis Hine’s artwork, background information about the era, but most importantly a timeline. This timeline helps me understand how long the children are suffering and people are working for change in history. It is also important to see how spread apart major events are to fully understand the impact of the committees and private rebels during the time period.
· “Child Labor” History.com. A&F Television Networks. 18 Sept. 2012.
This source is very important because it explains the severity of the conditions the children were placed under, but also the reasoning behind children getting involved in the work force. Not only could the parents use the extra money earned by the children, the employers were in need of more employees due to the rising demand for industrial products, the jobs often required small hands, young children did not tire as quickly, and they would work for less pay.
· “History Engine: Tools for Collaborative Education and Research | Episodes.” History Engine: Tools for Collaborative Education and Research |Episodes. Web. 24 Oct. 2012.
This provided me with lots if the information I had gathered before such as statistics on children and their jobs as well as their condition. However, this source is important because it also gives background information on the two authors of the Child Labor Act of 1916 (Edward Keating and Robert Latham Owen.)
· “Hammer v. Dagenhart Case Brief Summary.” Hammer v. Dagenhart Case Brief Summary. Web. 24 Oct. 2012
This is the first source I found about the details and problems of the Hammer v. Dagenhart case summary which deemed the Child Labor Act unconstitutional. This is important because it poses me to more views of people who agree and disagree with the act.
· “Keating-Owen Child Labor Act of 1916.” Lawyers, Legal Forms, Law Books & Software, Free Legal Information. Web. 24 Oct. 2012.
This is simply a transcript of the Keating-Owen Child Labor Act of 1916. It is re-typed so that the document is more easily read and understood.
· “Notable Members of Congress and the Laws they Sponsored.” Center on Congress. Web. 24 Oct. 2012.
This source gave background information on both Edward and Keating. It explains their position on the topic and also their previous experience in the legislative field. Although the information is brief, it provided mw with information I hadn’t found elsewhere.
· “Teaching with Documents: Photographs of Lewis Hine: Documentation of Child Labor. National Archives and Records Administration. Web. 24 Oct. 2012.
This site provided me with a biography of Lewis Hine’s life. It also included his significance/importance in getting the attention of others in this cause. Lewis Hine used his photographs and quotes to cause an uproar in the society.
· “Bill of Rights Transcript Text. Bill of Rights Transcript Text. Web. 24 Oct. 2012.
This is also the Bill of Rights, but it has been re-typed to a legible state. It has also been translated to modern English, so that I can easily comprehend what the amendments mean.
· PBS. PBS, Web. 24 Oct. 2012.
This source goes into great detail about the Hammer v. Dagenhart case. It is also interactive which made it much more exciting to learn about. It was an important source although I already understood the gist of the court case and what happened. It was very easily understood and credible.
· Smithsonian Education- Child Labor in the Early 20th Century.” Smithsonian Education – Child Labor in the Early 20th Century. Web. 24 Oct. 2012.
This website provided me to a link of an article called Art to Zoo which is produced by the Smithsonian Center. It is actually an article geared towards students and their knowledge of this time period. It is a very lengthy source with lots if information. Among the most important are a very thorough explanation of the different jobs children had during this time period and the hazards of each.
· "Child Labor - History of Business in the U.S." Child Labor. Web. 25 Oct. 2012
This source explains why children were more useful than adults were at times. Some of the reasons include: they were fast workers, did not tire easily, and they had lower salaries. This also showed that child labor originated in other forms such as apprenticeships.
· "Child Labor: Early Employers." Child Labor: Early Employers. Web. 25 Oct. 2012.
This source is extremely interesting to me. It offers a perspective I had not thought about. The employers. It is important to understand their mindset and reasons behind wrongly employing under aged children to work in such dangerous fields. It is also interesting to read about their preferences of boys or girls in different jobs. For example, girls were preferred in the textile industry because they were more submissive and good with their hands, whereas boys were concerned in jobs such as coal mining which seems to require more labor.
· “Excerpt from the bitter cry of the children.” American Decades. Ed. Judith S. Baughman, et al. Detroit: Gale, 2003. Gale Student Resources in Context. Web. 20 Aug. 2012.
This source is an excerpt of an investigator’s thoughts and opinions of the children of the 1900s workplace. It caused lots of controversy because of the brutal, yet honest words used in the review to describe the children’s conditions. As a result of the propaganda used to create remorse, the readers sought change. Meanwhile, factory owners and other people benefiting from child labor offered excuses to explain the investigator’s words. This helped me to uncover the harsh realities of the children of the 1900s and the response of others to this.
· Great Neck, Publishing. “Keating-Owen Child Labor Act of 1916.” Keating-Owen Child Labor Act of 1916 (NARA) (2011): 1. History Reference Center. Web. 20 Aug. 2012
This site allowed me to read a replica of the original Keating-Owen Child Labor Act. It helped me to understand exactly what the legislatures were asking President Woodrow to sign and the rest of society to abide by. I also gave me the opportunity to formulate my own opinion of the requests of Keating and Owen to determine whether or not I would have signed this. In doing this, I was able to relate much more with President Wilson and the pondering of his very crucial decision.
· Hine, Lewis. “History of Art: History of Art Photography.” History of Art History of Photography. Web. 23 Aug. 2012.
This shows a picture of a young boy who does not his alphabet or how to read. He wants to learn, but he does not have time.
· Hine, Lewis. “History of Art: History of Art Photography.” History of Art History of Photography. Web. 23 Aug. 2012.
This picture shows a group of adolescent girls.
· Hine, Lewis. “History of Art: History of Art Photography.” History of Art History of Photography. Web. 23 Aug. 2012.
This shows a picture of Doffer boys in Macon, Georgia.
· Hine, Lewis. “History of Art: History of Art Photography.” History of Art History of Photography. Web. 23 Aug. 2012.
This shows a picture of the average spinning room children worked in. This particular one is in Cornell Mill found in Fall River, Massachusetts.
· Hine, Lewis. “History of Art: History of Art Photography.” History of Art History of Photography. Web. 23 Aug. 2012.
This is a photograph a young girl looking outside of the window at the factory she works at longing to be outside.
· Hine, Lewis. “History of Art: History of Art Photography.” History of Art History of Photography. Web. 23 Aug. 2012.
A picture that shows boys and girls who were small enough to climb on the spinning frame and fix parts that were not working properly.
· Hine, Lewis. “History of Art: History of Art Photography.” History of Art History of Photography. Web. 23 Aug. 2012.
This is a girl that is 51 inches and has been working at the mills for a year. When asked her age she couldn’t recall but, but she knew she was too young to work.
· Hine, Lewis. “History of Art: History of Art Photography.” History of Art History of Photography. Web. 23 Aug. 2012.
This is a young girl that just started working and because oh steadiness was eventually hired.
· Hine, Lewis. “History of Art: History of Art Photography.” History of Art History of Photography. Web. 23 Aug. 2012
This is a photograph of a young black-roper.
· Hine, Lewis. “History of Art: History of Art Photography.” History of Art History of Photography. Web. 23 Aug. 2012
This is a newsie in downtown St. Louis, Missouri
· Hine, Lewis. “History of Art: History of Art Photography.” History of Art History of Photography. Web. 23 Aug. 2012
This is a group of newsies selling at the capitol.
· Hine, Lewis. “History of Art: History of Art Photography.” History of Art History of Photography. Web. 23 Aug. 2012
This is a young newsie that sells day and night. He says he has been beaten for not selling enough papers.
· Hine, Lewis. “History of Art: History of Art Photography.” History of Art History of Photography. Web. 23 Aug. 2012
This is a picture of boys waiting on the cage to go up. This is a tightly packed area with openings on both sides of the cage and the other two are not enclosed very well.
· Hine, Lewis. “History of Art: History of Art Photography.” History of Art History of Photography. Web. 23 Aug. 2012
This is a view the Scotland Mills.
· Hine, Lewis. “History of Art: History of Art Photography.” History of Art History of Photography. Web. 23 Aug. 2012
This is an entire family that works in the families. The woman is a widow and had to raise 11 children alone. Two of them have married and gone away while the youngest four cannot work. Everyone else in the family earns 4.50 a week.
This website provided me with lots of Lewis Hines’ artwork. It also presented the pictures that sparked so much controversy, conversation, and debate which helped start the child labor reform. It was important for me to view his artwork in order to develop my own opinion of his artwork and the message it conveyed. Although these pictures were taken a very long time ago, without the technology we have today, they do an incredible job of persuading and directing the emotions of the viewer to sorrow and compassion.
· “Children in the Industrial Revolution.” Children in the Industrial Revolution. Web. 23 Aug. 2012
This website was filled with quotes of children working in the various factories and the effect it had on them, their relationship with their family, as well as their physical, emotional, and psychological state of being. It was important for me to read these quotes because they are the best people to hear and learn from regarding their lifestyle and opinion of it. One interesting thing I learned from this is lots of the kids do not consider their life peculiar or weird in any way because as they grew up all they knew was work. Work to pay the bills.
· Clements, Kendrick A. “Woodrow Wilson and the presidential reform” Presidential Studies Quarterly 28.2 (Spring 1982): 320-336. History Study Center. Web. 24 Aug. 2012.
This journal, written by former President Woodrow Wilson’s assistant, clearly displays the difficulty the President faced concerning child labor laws. It was important for me to understand his views on the reform in order to accurately understand the debate within the three branches of government. It also revealed other pros and cons of the proposed act that I had not discovered on my own.
· “Keating-Owen Child Labor Act of 1916” Student Research Center. Ebsco Host. Jan 2011. 18 Sept. 2012
This site translated the Keating-Owen Act into terms that are better understood and used today. This was extremely useful! After I read the replica I understood quite well were the two gentlemen were asking of the government, but often times I had to use context clues and my knowledge of the topic to completely understand. In contrast, this website used modern English to express the same thoughts the two gentlemen were feeling when they originally wrote this.
· Dickens, Charles. The Parish Boy’s Progress. Produced by Peggy Gaugy and Leigh Little. HTML version by Al Haines. 18 Sept. 2012
This book, written by Charles Dickens, explains the everyday trials of a child worker. It is special and useful because it not only expresses the difficulty of the child at work, but, in addition, what happens at home as a result. This book also helps you relate to the hard life a child during these days because instead of looking at multiple accounts if these tragedies, the reader is taken into the life of just one of the victims of their ignorant work force and develops a relationship with the child and everything they face.
· LEWIS WICKES HINE. “Photography Quotations by Lewis Wickes Hine. Web. 18 Sept. 2012.
This source provides me with both pictures of children in the factories along with quotes of what they were doing or a little background information. This information, along with the picture, creates a gloomy mood for the viewer and is perfect for upsetting someone over the conditions they are enduring and stirring up a rebellion.
· “Notable Members of Congress and the Laws they Sponsored.” Center on Congress. Web. 24 Oct. 2012.
This provided me with a picture of Edward Keating.
· “Notable Members of Congress and the Laws they Sponsored.” Center on Congress. Web. 24 Oct. 2012.
This provided me with at picture of Robert Latham Owen.
· “Bill of Rights Large View.” Bill of Rights Large View. Web. 24 Oct. 2012.
After I read the Hammer v. Dagenhart case summary I learned the courts deemed the Keating-Owen Child Labor Act unconstitutional using the tenth amendment to the Bill Of Rights. This caused me to wonder what the tenth amendment said so I searched an original copy of the Bill of Rights.
Secondary sources:
· Whitman, David. “Out of the Cradle, Into the Coal Mine.” Ebsco Host. 2004. 18 Sept. 2012.
This is a reflection of the children’s involvement in the Industrial Revolution period by an Ebsco Host author. It is an interesting document because it includes a contrast between the ideals of the parents in the past and presently. It is very critical to look at this topic in this way considering most times people are so concerned with the treatment and well being of the kids they forget the emotional suffering the parent must go through as well. For instance, many of the parents were against having their child work in the dangerous manufacturing factories.
Sadly, the meager income earned by the children was greatly needed in order to survive.
· Fitzgerald, Maureen. “Children’s Bureau.” Book Chapter. Student Research Center powered by Ebsco Host. 1998. 18 Sept. 2012.
This article is an overview of the Children’s Bureau. It explains how they promoted the rise of safety among the factories and got others involved in the cause along the way.
· “World Book Online Reference Center |Online Reference Book| Online Encyclopedia” World Book. Web. 18 Sept. 2012.
This site was very informational because it did two very important things. It explained the roots of child labor and how it got started. Furthermore, it explained the different levels of laws and acts that were passed as well as their effect and the response of society. It even went as far as to explain how the new laws passed her influenced laws in our neighboring country, Canada.
· “Child Labor in U.S. History” The Child Labor Education Project. Web. 18 Sept. 2012.
This is a very important source. It has pictures of Lewis Hine’s artwork, background information about the era, but most importantly a timeline. This timeline helps me understand how long the children are suffering and people are working for change in history. It is also important to see how spread apart major events are to fully understand the impact of the committees and private rebels during the time period.
· “Child Labor” History.com. A&F Television Networks. 18 Sept. 2012.
This source is very important because it explains the severity of the conditions the children were placed under, but also the reasoning behind children getting involved in the work force. Not only could the parents use the extra money earned by the children, the employers were in need of more employees due to the rising demand for industrial products, the jobs often required small hands, young children did not tire as quickly, and they would work for less pay.
· “History Engine: Tools for Collaborative Education and Research | Episodes.” History Engine: Tools for Collaborative Education and Research |Episodes. Web. 24 Oct. 2012.
This provided me with lots if the information I had gathered before such as statistics on children and their jobs as well as their condition. However, this source is important because it also gives background information on the two authors of the Child Labor Act of 1916 (Edward Keating and Robert Latham Owen.)
· “Hammer v. Dagenhart Case Brief Summary.” Hammer v. Dagenhart Case Brief Summary. Web. 24 Oct. 2012
This is the first source I found about the details and problems of the Hammer v. Dagenhart case summary which deemed the Child Labor Act unconstitutional. This is important because it poses me to more views of people who agree and disagree with the act.
· “Keating-Owen Child Labor Act of 1916.” Lawyers, Legal Forms, Law Books & Software, Free Legal Information. Web. 24 Oct. 2012.
This is simply a transcript of the Keating-Owen Child Labor Act of 1916. It is re-typed so that the document is more easily read and understood.
· “Notable Members of Congress and the Laws they Sponsored.” Center on Congress. Web. 24 Oct. 2012.
This source gave background information on both Edward and Keating. It explains their position on the topic and also their previous experience in the legislative field. Although the information is brief, it provided mw with information I hadn’t found elsewhere.
· “Teaching with Documents: Photographs of Lewis Hine: Documentation of Child Labor. National Archives and Records Administration. Web. 24 Oct. 2012.
This site provided me with a biography of Lewis Hine’s life. It also included his significance/importance in getting the attention of others in this cause. Lewis Hine used his photographs and quotes to cause an uproar in the society.
· “Bill of Rights Transcript Text. Bill of Rights Transcript Text. Web. 24 Oct. 2012.
This is also the Bill of Rights, but it has been re-typed to a legible state. It has also been translated to modern English, so that I can easily comprehend what the amendments mean.
· PBS. PBS, Web. 24 Oct. 2012.
This source goes into great detail about the Hammer v. Dagenhart case. It is also interactive which made it much more exciting to learn about. It was an important source although I already understood the gist of the court case and what happened. It was very easily understood and credible.
· Smithsonian Education- Child Labor in the Early 20th Century.” Smithsonian Education – Child Labor in the Early 20th Century. Web. 24 Oct. 2012.
This website provided me to a link of an article called Art to Zoo which is produced by the Smithsonian Center. It is actually an article geared towards students and their knowledge of this time period. It is a very lengthy source with lots if information. Among the most important are a very thorough explanation of the different jobs children had during this time period and the hazards of each.
· "Child Labor - History of Business in the U.S." Child Labor. Web. 25 Oct. 2012
This source explains why children were more useful than adults were at times. Some of the reasons include: they were fast workers, did not tire easily, and they had lower salaries. This also showed that child labor originated in other forms such as apprenticeships.
· "Child Labor: Early Employers." Child Labor: Early Employers. Web. 25 Oct. 2012.
This source is extremely interesting to me. It offers a perspective I had not thought about. The employers. It is important to understand their mindset and reasons behind wrongly employing under aged children to work in such dangerous fields. It is also interesting to read about their preferences of boys or girls in different jobs. For example, girls were preferred in the textile industry because they were more submissive and good with their hands, whereas boys were concerned in jobs such as coal mining which seems to require more labor.